Cultural-familial retardation may result from which of the following factors?

Cultural-familial retardation refers to a type of intellectual disability that is influenced primarily by social and environmental factors rather than genetic or biological causes. This form of retardation typically arises from a combination of familial and cultural influences, including socio-economic conditions, educational opportunities, and the overall environment in which a child is raised.

Factors such as poverty, lack of access to quality education, and inadequate parenting or stimulation can significantly impact cognitive development, leading to challenges in intellectual functioning. Families living in less favorable socio-economic conditions may struggle to provide enriching experiences and support for cognitive growth, which can contribute to cultural-familial retardation.

In contrast, genetic mutations, neurological disorders, and infections during pregnancy generally pertain to different forms of intellectual disabilities that are biologically or genetically rooted. These factors do not primarily relate to the socio-cultural and environmental influences that characterize cultural-familial retardation. Thus, the correct answer focuses on the impact of environmental and socio-economic conditions on cognitive development.